{"id":51105,"date":"2026-04-18T11:57:32","date_gmt":"2026-04-18T11:57:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/?p=51105"},"modified":"2026-04-18T11:57:34","modified_gmt":"2026-04-18T11:57:34","slug":"independance-de-la-cote-divoire-negociee-ou-octroyee-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/index.php\/2026\/04\/18\/independance-de-la-cote-divoire-negociee-ou-octroyee-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Ind\u00e9pendance de la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire : n\u00e9goci\u00e9e ou octroy\u00e9e ?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>\u00c0 l\u2019occasion de la c\u00e9l\u00e9bration des quatre-vingts ans du Parti d\u00e9mocratique de C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire (PDCI), plusieurs personnalit\u00e9s ont pris la parole pour revisiter l\u2019histoire politique du pays et, au-del\u00e0, celle des ind\u00e9pendances africaines.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"353\" height=\"299\" src=\"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DJEREKE.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-50158\" srcset=\"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DJEREKE.jpg 353w, https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/DJEREKE-300x254.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Parmi elles, Jean-No\u00ebl Loucou, historien et secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la Fondation Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny pour la recherche de la paix, a qualifi\u00e9 de persifleurs ceux qui soutiennent que les ind\u00e9pendances dans l&rsquo;Afrique francophone ont \u00e9t\u00e9 octroy\u00e9es. Pour lui, il s\u2019agit plut\u00f4t d\u2019ind\u00e9pendances n\u00e9goci\u00e9es. A-t-il raison ou non ? C\u2019est ce que nous allons voir. Mais commen\u00e7ons par indiquer qu\u2019il existe une diff\u00e9rence entre une ind\u00e9pendance n\u00e9goci\u00e9e et une ind\u00e9pendance octroy\u00e9e. Dans le premier cas, le processus repose sur des discussions et des accords entre la puissance coloniale et les \u00e9lites locales. Des exemples comme le Ghana, le Kenya ou le Tanganyika sont souvent cit\u00e9s pour illustrer ce mod\u00e8le. En th\u00e9orie, ce type d\u2019ind\u00e9pendance suppose un certain \u00e9quilibre dans le rapport de force.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c0 l\u2019inverse, les ind\u00e9pendances octroy\u00e9es rel\u00e8vent d\u2019une d\u00e9cision unilat\u00e9rale de la m\u00e9tropole. Celle-ci choisit de \u00ab donner \u00bb l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance, souvent pour \u00e9viter un conflit co\u00fbteux ou pr\u00e9server ses int\u00e9r\u00eats \u00e9conomiques et politiques. Dans ce cas, la souverainet\u00e9 formelle s\u2019accompagne d\u2019un maintien de l\u2019influence de l\u2019ancienne puissance coloniale, notamment \u00e0 travers des accords de coop\u00e9ration d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibr\u00e9s. \u00c0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de ces deux mod\u00e8les, existent des ind\u00e9pendances conquises (Guin\u00e9e) ou arrach\u00e9es par la lutte arm\u00e9e (Alg\u00e9rie, Angola, Guin\u00e9e-Bissau, Mozambique, Namibie et Zimbabwe) o\u00f9 le rapport de force s\u2019est impos\u00e9 dans la violence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance de la C\u00f4te d&rsquo;Ivoire fut octroy\u00e9e car le rapport de force n\u2019\u00e9tait pas en faveur de F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny. Face \u00e0 une puissance coloniale solidement implant\u00e9e, sur quoi pouvait-il r\u00e9ellement s\u2019appuyer pour imposer ses conditions ? La marge de man\u0153uvre apparaissait limit\u00e9e. Dans ces conditions, parler de n\u00e9gociation est excessif, voire discutable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Certes, Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny a pos\u00e9 des actes importants pour son pays, notamment l\u2019abolition du travail forc\u00e9, le 11 avril 1946. Plus tard, il construisit \u00e0 Yamoussoukro de grandes \u00e9coles que les pr\u00e9tendus houphou\u00ebtistes furent incapables d&rsquo;entretenir. Mais la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 historique impose aussi de reconna\u00eetre qu\u2019il entretenait une proximit\u00e9 \u00e9troite avec la France. Pour certains observateurs, il fut m\u00eame un relais des int\u00e9r\u00eats fran\u00e7ais en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest, peu dispos\u00e9 \u00e0 s\u2019opposer frontalement \u00e0 la m\u00e9tropole. Cette relation ambigu\u00eb alimente le d\u00e9bat sur la nature r\u00e9elle de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance ivoirienne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans son intervention, Jean-No\u00ebl Loucou a \u00e9galement rappel\u00e9 que des Ivoiriens ont pay\u00e9 de leur vie la lutte pour l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance. Il a notamment \u00e9voqu\u00e9 le cas du s\u00e9nateur Victor Biaka Boda. Cette reconnaissance est, en soi, une bonne chose. Mais ce qui pose probl\u00e8me, dans l\u2019histoire de Biaka Boda, c\u2019est qu\u2019il a \u00e9t\u00e9, pendant pr\u00e8s de 80 ans, largement ignor\u00e9 par le PDCI. En dehors de Bouafl\u00e9 \u2014 la ville o\u00f9 il fut assassin\u00e9 et o\u00f9 une \u00e9cole porte son nom \u2014 et de Gagnoa, o\u00f9 son nom a \u00e9t\u00e9 donn\u00e9 \u00e0 un stade, les hommages restent rares. On pourrait m\u00eame penser que cette reconnaissance locale est davantage le fait de ses fr\u00e8res bh\u00e9t\u00e9 que celui du parti lui-m\u00eame.<br>En revanche, le nom de F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny a \u00e9t\u00e9 donn\u00e9 \u00e0 des infrastructures majeures situ\u00e9es bien au-del\u00e0 de sa r\u00e9gion d\u2019origine: un a\u00e9roport, une universit\u00e9, un stade. Cette diff\u00e9rence de traitement interroge. Car il est difficile de soutenir que Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny s\u2019est davantage sacrifi\u00e9 que Biaka Boda ou m\u00eame Jean-Baptiste Mockey, qui lui non plus n\u2019a pas b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 d\u2019une reconnaissance \u00e9quivalente. D\u00e8s lors, la mention de Biaka Boda dans un discours, aussi importante soit-elle, ne saurait suffire. Pour un parti qui se veut national et qui entend rassembler, les actes parlent et comptent plus que les paroles. Honorer \u00e9quitablement toutes les figures de la lutte pour l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance n\u2019est pas seulement un devoir de m\u00e9moire. C\u2019est aussi une exigence de justice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le d\u00e9bat soulev\u00e9 par Jean-No\u00ebl Loucou d\u00e9passe donc la simple question s\u00e9mantique entre ind\u00e9pendance n\u00e9goci\u00e9e et ind\u00e9pendance octroy\u00e9e. Il touche \u00e0 la mani\u00e8re dont l\u2019histoire est racont\u00e9e, transmise et parfois instrumentalis\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les ind\u00e9pendances africaines ont-elles permis aux peuples concern\u00e9s de devenir pleinement ma\u00eetres de leur destin ? Tant que cette interrogation n\u2019aura pas trouv\u00e9 de r\u00e9ponse satisfaisante, les d\u00e9bats comme celui-ci continueront d\u2019alimenter la r\u00e9flexion. Et peut-\u00eatre est-ce l\u00e0 l\u2019essentiel: ne pas cesser de questionner l\u2019histoire pour mieux \u00e9clairer le pr\u00e9sent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\"><em>Jean-Claude Dj\u00e9r\u00e9k\u00e9<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00c0 l\u2019occasion de la c\u00e9l\u00e9bration des quatre-vingts ans du Parti d\u00e9mocratique de C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire (PDCI), plusieurs personnalit\u00e9s ont pris la parole pour revisiter l\u2019histoire politique du pays et, au-del\u00e0, celle des ind\u00e9pendances africaines. Parmi elles, Jean-No\u00ebl Loucou, historien et secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la Fondation Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny pour la recherche de la paix, a qualifi\u00e9 de persifleurs [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":50158,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[53,11,24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-51105","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ambassades","category-editorial","category-integration-nationale"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ind\u00e9pendance de la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire : n\u00e9goci\u00e9e ou octroy\u00e9e ? - Int\u00e9gration<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/index.php\/2026\/04\/18\/independance-de-la-cote-divoire-negociee-ou-octroyee-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ind\u00e9pendance de la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire : n\u00e9goci\u00e9e ou octroy\u00e9e ? - Int\u00e9gration\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00c0 l\u2019occasion de la c\u00e9l\u00e9bration des quatre-vingts ans du Parti d\u00e9mocratique de C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire (PDCI), plusieurs personnalit\u00e9s ont pris la parole pour revisiter l\u2019histoire politique du pays et, au-del\u00e0, celle des ind\u00e9pendances africaines. 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