{"id":50173,"date":"2026-03-05T09:34:34","date_gmt":"2026-03-05T09:34:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/?p=50173"},"modified":"2026-03-05T09:34:36","modified_gmt":"2026-03-05T09:34:36","slug":"ambition-continentale-sans-efficacite-operationnelle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/index.php\/2026\/03\/05\/ambition-continentale-sans-efficacite-operationnelle\/","title":{"rendered":"Ambition continentale sans efficacit\u00e9 op\u00e9rationnelle"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Sur le papier, l\u2019Architecture africaine de Paix et de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 (APSA) ressemble \u00e0 une cath\u00e9drale institutionnelle. Mais, face aux groupes arm\u00e9s mobiles et adaptatifs, la solennit\u00e9 du dispositif peine \u00e0 produire l\u2019effet dissuasif esp\u00e9r\u00e9.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"306\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Capture-decran-2026-03-01-152335.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-50174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Capture-decran-2026-03-01-152335.jpg 306w, https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Capture-decran-2026-03-01-152335-287x300.jpg 287w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 306px) 100vw, 306px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cinq piliers, une doctrine, des m\u00e9canismes d\u2019alerte, une force en attente, un fonds d\u00e9di\u00e9 : l\u2019Union africaine a pens\u00e9 large, structur\u00e9 dense, norm\u00e9 serr\u00e9. \u00ab Le Conseil de paix et de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 (CPS), c\u0153ur d\u00e9cisionnel ; le Groupe des sages, bras diplomatique ; le Syst\u00e8me continental d\u2019alerte rapide (CEWS), vigie des crises ; la Force africaine en attente (ASF), outil d\u2019intervention ; et le Fonds pour la paix, garant th\u00e9orique de l\u2019autonomie financi\u00e8re. L\u2019ensemble est coordonn\u00e9 avec les Communaut\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques r\u00e9gionales selon un principe de subsidiarit\u00e9 cens\u00e9 rapprocher la r\u00e9ponse s\u00e9curitaire des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s du terrain. Il y a tout, en plus des communiqu\u00e9s impeccables, les organigrammes rassurants, les acronymes nombreux. \u00c0 la lecture des textes, l\u2019Afrique tient son bouclier collectif \u00bb, fait constater l\u2019analyste camerounais, William Mbamvele. Il poursuit : \u00ab \u00c0 ce socle institutionnel s\u2019ajoutent des instruments normatifs adopt\u00e9s par l\u2019Union africaine : la Convention de l\u2019OUA sur la pr\u00e9vention et la lutte contre le terrorisme, un Plan d\u2019action strat\u00e9gique continental et un Comit\u00e9 minist\u00e9riel d\u00e9di\u00e9. La feuille de route \u00ab Faire taire les armes \u00e0 l\u2019horizon 2030 \u00bb, inscrite dans l\u2019Agenda 2063, projette m\u00eame une ambition historique : celle d\u2019un continent pacifi\u00e9, ma\u00eetre de sa s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve du terrain, \u00ab le bouclier ressemble parfois \u00e0 un parapluie trou\u00e9 \u00bb, selon la formule de l\u2019internationaliste gabonais Xavier Amia Ndong. \u00ab Entre l\u2019architecture formelle et la capacit\u00e9 op\u00e9rationnelle, l\u2019\u00e9cart est b\u00e9ant \u00bb, d\u00e9plore-t-il. \u00c0 cette aune, l\u2019exemple le plus r\u00e9v\u00e9lateur demeure la Force africaine en attente. D\u00e9clar\u00e9e pleinement op\u00e9rationnelle en 2016, elle n\u2019a jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9ploy\u00e9e comme force continentale int\u00e9gr\u00e9e. \u00ab C\u2019est une force en attente\u2026 d\u2019un consensus \u00bb, ironise la politologue camerounaise Leila Mariam Haoua. Les revues strat\u00e9giques d\u00e9cid\u00e9es par le CPS ont accumul\u00e9 retards et reports, souvent justifi\u00e9s par des d\u00e9ficits de financement. Des consultations techniques, notamment \u00e0 Alger et \u00e0 Accra, ont tent\u00e9 d\u2019actualiser la doctrine des op\u00e9rations de soutien \u00e0 la paix. Pourtant, l\u2019alignement reste inachev\u00e9. \u00ab La m\u00e9canique lourde de la coordination entre 55 \u00c9tats ralentit l\u2019\u00e9lan. Interop\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 limit\u00e9e, logistique h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8ne, app\u00e9tit variable pour les op\u00e9rations ext\u00e9rieures plombent l\u2019ensemble \u00bb, expose Guy-Maurille Massamba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans une note strat\u00e9gique publi\u00e9e r\u00e9cemment, ce dernier rel\u00e8ve que le Fonds pour la paix, cens\u00e9 garantir l\u2019autonomie financi\u00e8re, demeure lui aussi sous tension. Les retards de contribution, les priorit\u00e9s budg\u00e9taires concurrentes et la fragilit\u00e9 de certaines \u00e9conomies nationales compliquent encore l\u2019\u00e9quation. Pour la professeure nig\u00e9riane Chiamaka Okoye, \u00ab sans m\u00e9canisme contraignant et pr\u00e9visible, la planification des op\u00e9rations restera tributaire d\u2019al\u00e9as financiers incompatibles avec l\u2019urgence s\u00e9curitaire \u00bb. \u00ab Tant que le financement d\u00e9pendra en grande partie de partenaires ext\u00e9rieurs, l\u2019autonomie strat\u00e9gique restera relative \u00bb, observe Xavier Amia Ndong. En clair : difficile de parler de souverainet\u00e9 s\u00e9curitaire quand le carburant vient d\u2019ailleurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c0 cela s\u2019ajoute la logique de subsidiarit\u00e9 confi\u00e9e aux Communaut\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques r\u00e9gionales. Sur le principe, la proximit\u00e9 g\u00e9ographique favorise la r\u00e9activit\u00e9. Dans les faits, elle r\u00e9v\u00e8le aussi des rivalit\u00e9s d\u2019influence et des divergences d\u2019agenda. \u00ab L\u2019APSA est une architecture multiniveaux ; le probl\u00e8me, c\u2019est que les \u00e9tages ne communiquent pas toujours \u00bb, note avec humour le chercheur marocain Youssef El Mansouri.<br>Pourtant\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019ambition demeure intacte. L\u2019Agenda 2063 promet de \u00ab faire taire les armes \u00bb. Mais les armes, elles, ne consultent pas les calendriers institutionnels. La menace terroriste \u00e9volue vite, exploite les failles, traverse les fronti\u00e8res. Face \u00e0 elle, l\u2019Afrique dispose d\u2019un \u00e9difice normatif impressionnant, mais encore en qu\u00eate de vitesse d\u2019ex\u00e9cution. \u00ab Comme si la grammaire diplomatique se heurtait brutalement au langage des kalachnikovs \u00bb, glisse Leila Mariam Haoua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour le g\u00e9ostrat\u00e8ge camerounais Lemma Bekele, \u00ab la cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 d\u2019une architecture de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 se mesure \u00e0 sa capacit\u00e9 d\u2019action rapide, pas \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9paisseur de ses rapports. \u00ab Et l\u00e0, le d\u00e9fi est moins conceptuel que politique : transformer l\u2019intention collective en puissance concr\u00e8te \u00bb, th\u00e9orise Guy-Maurille Massamba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\"><em>R\u00e9my Biniou<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>L\u2019Afrique br\u00fble<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le terrorisme n\u2019est plus une menace p\u00e9riph\u00e9rique pour l\u2019Afrique : il est devenu son quotidien tragique. En une d\u00e9cennie, le centre de gravit\u00e9 de la violence djihadiste s\u2019est d\u00e9plac\u00e9 vers le continent, installant une ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 chronique du Sahel \u00e0 la Corne de l\u2019Afrique. Les bilans publi\u00e9s par l\u2019Union africaine ne sont pas de simples colonnes de chiffres ; ils traduisent des vies bris\u00e9es, des \u00e9conomies asphyxi\u00e9es, des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations prises en otage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans le Sahel, les groupes arm\u00e9s exploitent l\u2019immensit\u00e9 des territoires et la fragilit\u00e9 des \u00c9tats. En Somalie, la r\u00e9silience meurtri\u00e8re d\u2019Al-Shabaab rappelle que l\u2019id\u00e9ologie prosp\u00e8re l\u00e0 o\u00f9 l\u2019autorit\u00e9 publique vacille. La contagion gagne les zones c\u00f4ti\u00e8res, menace les corridors commerciaux et instille la peur dans des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9prouv\u00e9es par la pauvret\u00e9 et le ch\u00f4mage massif des jeunes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pourtant, l\u2019Afrique s\u2019est dot\u00e9e d\u2019un ambitieux dispositif s\u00e9curitaire : l\u2019Architecture africaine de paix et de s\u00e9curit\u00e9. Con\u00e7ue pour pr\u00e9venir, g\u00e9rer et reconstruire, elle devait incarner la maturit\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique du continent. Mais entre l\u2019ambition et l\u2019action, l\u2019\u00e9cart demeure b\u00e9ant. Les forces r\u00e9gionales manquent d\u2019\u00e9quipements, les financements restent d\u00e9pendants de partenaires ext\u00e9rieurs, et les d\u00e9saccords politiques minent la coh\u00e9sion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le drame africain ne r\u00e9side pas seulement dans la violence des attaques, mais dans la lenteur des r\u00e9ponses collectives. Chaque \u00c9tat lutte \u00e0 sa mani\u00e8re, souvent isol\u00e9, parfois en concurrence avec ses voisins. Cette fragmentation offre aux groupes terroristes un avantage strat\u00e9gique \u00e9vident : ils traversent des fronti\u00e8res que les arm\u00e9es peinent \u00e0 coordonner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il faut le dire avec gravit\u00e9 : la bataille contre le terrorisme ne se gagnera ni par les seules armes ni par des d\u00e9clarations solennelles. Elle exige une vision commune, un financement autonome et une gouvernance capable de restaurer la confiance des citoyens. Sans justice sociale, sans perspectives \u00e9conomiques, la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 restera un mirage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019heure n\u2019est plus aux diagnostics r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9s. L\u2019Afrique doit transformer ses m\u00e9canismes institutionnels en v\u00e9ritable puissance d\u2019action. \u00c0 d\u00e9faut, le continent continuera de subir une guerre diffuse qui ronge ses fondations et compromet son avenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Face au terrorisme\u2026\u00c9clats et cacophonie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>En l\u2019absence d\u2019une Force africaine en attente (ASF) pleinement op\u00e9rationnelle, le continent jongle avec une myriade de m\u00e9canismes ad hoc, chacun r\u00e9pondant \u00e0 une crise sp\u00e9cifique sur un terrain limit\u00e9.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La Force multinationale mixte (MNJTF) se bat contre Boko Haram et l\u2019ISWAP dans le bassin du lac Tchad, l\u2019Initiative d\u2019Accra s\u00e9curise les c\u00f4tes ouest-africaines, la SADC d\u00e9ploie SAMIM contre Ahlu Sunna Wal Jama au Mozambique, et la mission AUSSOM de l\u2019UA continue de traquer al-Shabaab en Somalie. \u00ab C\u2019est un peu comme si chaque \u00e9quipe jouait son match sans arbitre central \u00bb, ironise le politologue tchadien A\u00efssatou Oidpoi. \u00ab Sur le terrain, cela donne l\u2019impression d\u2019un patchwork strat\u00e9gique o\u00f9 chaque pi\u00e8ce tente de tenir seule. \u00bb Selon le professeur ivoirien Jean Kouadio, expert en g\u00e9opolitique r\u00e9gionale, \u00ab ces dispositifs sont op\u00e9rationnels, mais leur efficacit\u00e9 collective reste incertaine : aucune ASF pour harmoniser les plans, aucune coordination centralis\u00e9e pour ajuster les mouvements \u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La MNJTF illustre cette ambivalence. Seule coalition r\u00e9gionale v\u00e9ritablement fonctionnelle, elle a vacill\u00e9 apr\u00e8s le retrait du Niger en mars 2025, exposant un vide s\u00e9curitaire que les groupes terroristes se sont empress\u00e9s d\u2019exploiter. \u00ab Quand un \u00c9tat bouge, tout l\u2019\u00e9difice tremble \u00bb, note la chercheuse camerounaise Amina Bello. \u00ab Les contingents sont h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes, la logistique varie et la volont\u00e9 politique fluctue\u2026 il n\u2019en faut pas plus pour transformer un succ\u00e8s r\u00e9gional en casse-t\u00eate diplomatique \u00bb. Pour un colonel camerounais \u00e0 la retraite, sp\u00e9cialiste des op\u00e9rations multir\u00e9gionales, \u00ab mutualiser des arm\u00e9es avec des doctrines diff\u00e9rentes, c\u2019est moins de la strat\u00e9gie que de l\u2019illusion tactique ; et pourtant, on continue de croire que le miracle se produira \u00e0 chaque r\u00e9union minist\u00e9rielle \u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Au Sahel central, le d\u00e9fi s\u2019intensifie. Mali, Burkina Faso et Niger, pass\u00e9s sous gouvernance militaire, ont formalis\u00e9 leur retrait de la CEDEAO le 29 janvier 2025 et cr\u00e9\u00e9 l\u2019Alliance des \u00c9tats du Sahel (AES), bloc souverainiste rejetant les cadres de coop\u00e9ration r\u00e9gionale. \u00ab La rupture sah\u00e9lienne est un tournant dramatique \u00bb, souligne le g\u00e9ostrat\u00e8ge burkinab\u00e9 Salif Traor\u00e9. \u00ab Ces \u00c9tats expulsent les forces fran\u00e7aises et am\u00e9ricaines, choisissent Africa Corps comme appui\u2026 et compliquent la vie de toute l\u2019architecture s\u00e9curitaire panafricaine. \u00bb La situation est aggrav\u00e9e par l\u2019essor de JNIM et de l\u2019EIGS, qui profitent de l\u2019isolement pour \u00e9tendre leur influence, notamment \u00e0 travers les si\u00e8ges prolong\u00e9s de plusieurs villes maliennes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette d\u00e9solidarisation a des effets imm\u00e9diats : le partenariat AES-Africa Corps ne parvient pas \u00e0 stabiliser les zones critiques, et les alertes s\u00e9curitaires sont d\u00e9sormais plus vite d\u00e9pass\u00e9es que relay\u00e9es. \u00ab On assiste \u00e0 un paradoxe strat\u00e9gique \u00bb, observe Lemma Bekele, expert camerounais en g\u00e9ostrat\u00e9gie. \u00ab L\u00e0 o\u00f9 la menace est la plus intense, les cadres r\u00e9gionaux et continentaux sont absents. C\u2019est un peu comme installer un radar sans antenne : l\u2019infrastructure est l\u00e0, mais la surveillance est illusoire \u00bb. Les analystes s\u2019accordent pour dire que la coh\u00e9rence du syst\u00e8me africain vacille, et que la fragmentation r\u00e9gionale rend toute action rapide et coordonn\u00e9e presque impossible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pourtant, certains aspects pragmatiques subsistent. Les m\u00e9canismes ad hoc permettent au moins une r\u00e9action locale imm\u00e9diate. \u00ab C\u2019est mieux que rien, mais pas suffisant \u00bb, note A\u00efssatou Oidpoi avec un sourire mi-ironique. Les experts en relations internationales rappellent que le vrai d\u00e9fi n\u2019est plus la multiplication des dispositifs, mais leur consolidation et la transformation des coalitions existantes en structures durables, capables de s\u2019adapter \u00e0 la mobilit\u00e9 et \u00e0 la complexit\u00e9 des groupes terroristes. Sans ASF fonctionnelle et sans coordination centralis\u00e9e, l\u2019Afrique continuera de jouer une partition \u00e9clat\u00e9e face \u00e0 des ennemis parfaitement synchronis\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Bobo Ousmanou<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sur le papier, l\u2019Architecture africaine de Paix et de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 (APSA) ressemble \u00e0 une cath\u00e9drale institutionnelle. Mais, face aux groupes arm\u00e9s mobiles et adaptatifs, la solennit\u00e9 du dispositif peine \u00e0 produire l\u2019effet dissuasif esp\u00e9r\u00e9. Cinq piliers, une doctrine, des m\u00e9canismes d\u2019alerte, une force en attente, un fonds d\u00e9di\u00e9 : l\u2019Union africaine a pens\u00e9 large, structur\u00e9 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":50174,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[25,51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50173","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-integration-regionale","category-zoom"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ambition continentale sans efficacit\u00e9 op\u00e9rationnelle - Int\u00e9gration<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ambition continentale sans efficacit\u00e9 op\u00e9rationnelle\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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