{"id":48343,"date":"2025-12-10T10:04:33","date_gmt":"2025-12-10T10:04:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/?p=48343"},"modified":"2025-12-10T10:23:40","modified_gmt":"2025-12-10T10:23:40","slug":"a-la-raffinerie-dangote-lequation-continentale-la-competitivite-immediate-ou-le-long-chemin-de-lautonomie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/index.php\/2025\/12\/10\/a-la-raffinerie-dangote-lequation-continentale-la-competitivite-immediate-ou-le-long-chemin-de-lautonomie\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c0 la raffinerie Dangote, l\u2019\u00e9quation continentale : la comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9 imm\u00e9diate ou le long chemin de l\u2019autonomie"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Sous les torch\u00e8res de la p\u00e9ninsule de Lekki, dont les flammes strient le ciel nocturne nig\u00e9rian, s\u2019incarne le paradoxe de l\u2019Afrique industrielle. Dans les entrailles de la plus grande raffinerie \u00e0 train simple du monde, un dilemme strat\u00e9gique se pose avec une acuit\u00e9 particuli\u00e8re : comment \u00e9difier une souverainet\u00e9 \u00e9conomique durable sans succomber, dans l\u2019urgence, aux imp\u00e9ratifs impitoyables de la comp\u00e9tition globale ?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019annonce du recrutement de onze mille techniciens indiens pour ce fleuron du capitalisme nig\u00e9rian a provoqu\u00e9 un s\u00e9isme, heurtant l\u2019orgueil national d\u2019un pays frapp\u00e9 par le ch\u00f4mage end\u00e9mique. Au-del\u00e0 du cas nig\u00e9rian, cette d\u00e9cision op\u00e9rationnelle met \u00e0 nu un d\u00e9ficit syst\u00e9mique partag\u00e9 \u00e0 des degr\u00e9s divers par l\u2019ensemble du continent : l\u2019incapacit\u00e9 chronique \u00e0 produire, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle et \u00e0 la technicit\u00e9 requises, la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre qualifi\u00e9e indispensable \u00e0 son propre essor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le site de Dangote fonctionne comme un manifeste de cette tension. Ing\u00e9nieurs nig\u00e9rians de la diaspora, jeunes dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s locaux et une forte cohorte d\u2019experts indiens y travaillent de concert. La pr\u00e9sence massive de ces derniers, source de critiques, rel\u00e8ve moins d\u2019une pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence que d\u2019une n\u00e9cessit\u00e9. Ils incarnent une culture industrielle rod\u00e9e et une expertise op\u00e9rationnelle que le march\u00e9 du travail local ne peut encore fournir en masse. Sans ce catalyseur externe, la mise en route de ce colosse, et sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 affronter d\u2019embl\u00e9e la concurrence internationale, aurait constitu\u00e9 un pari autrement plus p\u00e9rilleux, comme en attestent les tensions sociales des locaux qui ont \u00e9maill\u00e9 son d\u00e9marrage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ce diagnostic s\u00e9v\u00e8re r\u00e9v\u00e8le un contraste frappant. Alors que l\u2019Afrique multiplie les d\u00e9clarations d\u2019intention, d\u2019autres nations, \u00e0 l\u2019instar de l\u2019Inde, de Singapour ou de la Cor\u00e9e du Sud, ont fait, dans l\u2019ombre, le pari patient et massif de la formation technique. La bataille du d\u00e9veloppement industriel ne se gagne ni avec les seules mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res ni par des discours, mais dans les ateliers-\u00e9coles et les centres de formation, dont les \u00e9quipements obsol\u00e8tes sur le continent trahissent un cruel d\u00e9ficit d\u2019investissement. Ce probl\u00e8me de ressources humaines est souvent exacerb\u00e9 par un manque criant de culture industrielle et d\u2019entreprise, o\u00f9 la valorisation des m\u00e9tiers techniques et la discipline de production de masse peinent \u00e0 s\u2019enraciner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019affaire Dangote n\u2019est que la partie \u00e9merg\u00e9e de l\u2019iceberg. Combien de centrales \u00e9lectriques, de complexes miniers ou de centres de donn\u00e9es africains d\u00e9pendent-ils, pour leur maintenance critique, de comp\u00e9tences \u00e9trang\u00e8res ? Le continent c\u00e9l\u00e8bre trop souvent l\u2019inauguration d\u2019ouvrages dont il ne ma\u00eetrise pas pleinement les cl\u00e9s techniques, demeurant ainsi locataire de son propre d\u00e9veloppement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le miroir d\u2019une comp\u00e9tition impitoyable<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette strat\u00e9gie provoque l\u2019incompr\u00e9hension, notamment dans des pays voisins comme le Cameroun, o\u00f9 l\u2019on s\u2019\u00e9tonne de la marginalisation des comp\u00e9tences r\u00e9gionales. Un raisonnement qui m\u00e9conna\u00eet la nature du combat engag\u00e9 : la survie commerciale du conglom\u00e9rat d\u00e9pend de sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 rivaliser imm\u00e9diatement sur les co\u00fbts avec les g\u00e9ants internationaux, une discipline exigeante pour des \u00e9conomies longtemps prot\u00e9g\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019exemple du ciment, produit phare du groupe, est \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard \u00e9difiant. Un sac se vend entre 3 000 et 4 000 francs CFA au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal ou en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, contre pr\u00e8s du double au Cameroun. Cet \u00e9cart refl\u00e8te deux \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes distincts. Dans le premier, une logique de march\u00e9 ouvert impose une optimisation agressive. Dans le second, le prix est alourdi par des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s structurelles, qu\u2019une entreprise seule ne peut remodeler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pourtant, des succ\u00e8s locaux d\u00e9montrent qu\u2019une anticipation strat\u00e9gique peut porter ses fruits. Le cas de la construction du pipeline Tchad-Cameroun au tournant des ann\u00e9es 2000 en offre une illustration probante. Si le projet a d\u00fb recourir \u00e0 des soudeurs \u00e9trangers pour des t\u00e2ches critiques, l\u2019aspect exigeant du contr\u00f4le non-destructif (CND) du pipeline, a lui, \u00e9t\u00e9 confi\u00e9 \u00e0 une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 camerounaise, HYDRAG. Sous l\u2019impulsion de son dirigeant visionnaire, Perrial-Jean Nyodog, avec le soutien technique du Comit\u00e9 national de d\u00e9veloppement des technologies (CNDT), alors dirig\u00e9 par Robert Martin Nemba, et l\u2019appui de l\u2019Agence internationale de l\u2019\u00e9nergie atomique (AIEA), cette entreprise avait su anticiper et acqu\u00e9rir en amont la ma\u00eetrise des technologies de radiographie industrielle, pourtant d\u2019origine nucl\u00e9aire et difficilement accessibles. Cette pr\u00e9paration cibl\u00e9e a permis une int\u00e9gration r\u00e9ussie dans une cha\u00eene de valeur internationale exigeante.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La r\u00e9ponse ne saurait donc r\u00e9sider dans un protectionnisme st\u00e9rile, mais en premier dans une r\u00e9volution copernicienne de la formation professionnelle. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019en r\u00e9habiliter l\u2019urgence, d\u2019en moderniser les infrastructures et d\u2019en faire une priorit\u00e9 politique absolue, visant \u00e0 former des dizaines de milliers de techniciens et d\u2019ing\u00e9nieurs op\u00e9rationnels chaque ann\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019\u00c9tat, architecte indispensable<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Imputer \u00e0 l\u2019industriel la responsabilit\u00e9 exclusive de cette d\u00e9pendance est un contresens \u00e9conomique. Sa mission est de produire de mani\u00e8re comp\u00e9titive, non de pallier les d\u00e9ficits structurels d\u2019un syst\u00e8me \u00e9ducatif. La \u00ab nationalisation \u00bb progressive des comp\u00e9tences, \u00e0 l\u2019image de la patiente politique de localisation mise en \u0153uvre par l\u2019\u00e9nerg\u00e9ticien \u00e9mirati ENEC ou de l\u2019anticipation d\u00e9montr\u00e9e par HYDRAG au Cameroun, rel\u00e8ve avant tout de la puissance publique. C\u2019est \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9tat de cr\u00e9er le cadre \u2013 \u00e9ducatif, r\u00e9glementaire, infrastructurel \u2013 et de catalyser les partenariats strat\u00e9giques permettant \u00e0 ses champions de cultiver leur vivier de talents locaux. Un processus qui peut \u00eatre contractualis\u00e9, mais dont l\u2019impulsion doit \u00eatre politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Les tensions sociales \u00e0 Lekki et les critiques transfrontali\u00e8res sont les sympt\u00f4mes douloureux d\u2019une transition in\u00e9vitable. La voie est \u00e9troite : elle exige de concilier l\u2019urgence de la performance, qui passe parfois par des savoir-faire import\u00e9s, et l\u2019imp\u00e9ratif strat\u00e9gique du transfert de connaissances. Le d\u00e9veloppement industriel n\u2019est pas un sprint patriotique, mais un marathon pour lequel l\u2019\u00c9tat doit tracer la piste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le\u00e7on continentale : le terreau avant la moisson<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019enjeu est de taille. La souverainet\u00e9 \u00e9conomique de l\u2019Afrique passera par sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 ma\u00eetriser les technologies qui transforment ses ressources. Le jour o\u00f9 ses m\u00e9tropoles produiront massivement leurs propres talents techniques, le continent cessera d\u2019\u00eatre un march\u00e9 prometteur pour devenir un atelier mondial incontournable. L\u2019\u00e9pisode Dangote est un rappel salutaire : une ind\u00e9pendance industrielle suppose d\u2019abord de former les mains et les esprits capables d\u2019en actionner les leviers. L\u2019exemple camerounais du CND montre que cela est possible, \u00e0 condition d\u2019allier vision entrepreneuriale, soutien institutionnel cibl\u00e9 et acc\u00e8s aux r\u00e9seaux technologiques internationaux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour le Cameroun et pour toute \u00e9conomie aspirant \u00e0 un d\u00e9veloppement endog\u00e8ne, l\u2019enseignement est clair. La comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9 internationale na\u00eet du terreau que l\u2019\u00c9tat pr\u00e9pare : une \u00e9nergie fiable, une logistique fluide, une fiscalit\u00e9 incitative et, surtout, une formation technique de pointe align\u00e9e sur les besoins concrets des grands projets. Sans cette infrastructure invisible, les projets les plus ambitieux resteront condamn\u00e9s \u00e0 une co\u00fbteuse d\u00e9pendance. Avec elle, et \u00e0 la faveur de partenariats audacieux, des perc\u00e9es locales sont possibles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les lumi\u00e8res de Lekki illuminent une exception. Pour qu\u2019elles deviennent la norme, il faut que les \u00c9tats assument pleinement leur r\u00f4le d\u2019architectes de la comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9. C\u2019est \u00e0 cette condition que l\u2019industrie africaine pourra, enfin, \u00e9pouser les contours d\u2019une souverainet\u00e9 v\u00e9ritablement partag\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vincent Nkong-Njock
Ing\u00e9nieur Atomiste, (AIEA-Vienne)
Prix Nobel 2005,
Chef d\u00b4Entreprise<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sous les torch\u00e8res de la p\u00e9ninsule de Lekki, dont les flammes strient le ciel nocturne nig\u00e9rian, s\u2019incarne le paradoxe de l\u2019Afrique industrielle. 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