{"id":45794,"date":"2025-08-20T13:46:33","date_gmt":"2025-08-20T13:46:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/?p=45794"},"modified":"2025-08-21T15:16:57","modified_gmt":"2025-08-21T15:16:57","slug":"les-nationaux-dabord-cest-un-debat-sur-le-rapport-entre-souverainete-integration-sous-regionale-et-ouverture-aux-etrangers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/index.php\/2025\/08\/20\/les-nationaux-dabord-cest-un-debat-sur-le-rapport-entre-souverainete-integration-sous-regionale-et-ouverture-aux-etrangers\/","title":{"rendered":"Cyrille Maka Njoh:\u00ab C\u2019est un d\u00e9bat sur le rapport entre souverainet\u00e9, int\u00e9gration sous r\u00e9gionale et ouverture aux \u00e9trangers\u00bb"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>L\u2019\u00e9conomiste camerounais estime qu\u2019il revient \u00e0 l\u2019Etat souverain le droit d\u2019\u00e9tablir les modes d\u2019acc\u00e8s aux m\u00e9tiers nomm\u00e9s \u00ab petits \u00bb, de concevoir les r\u00e8gles d\u2019arbitrage entre int\u00e9r\u00eats ou objectifs oppos\u00e9s des \u00e9trangers.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"511\" height=\"516\" src=\"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Cyrille-Maka-Njoh.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45795\" style=\"width:1021px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Cyrille-Maka-Njoh.jpg 511w, https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Cyrille-Maka-Njoh-297x300.jpg 297w, https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Cyrille-Maka-Njoh-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Cyrille-Maka-Njoh-416x420.jpg 416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 511px) 100vw, 511px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Cyrille Maka Njoh<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Le gouvernement gabonais vient d\u2019interdire aux ressortissants \u00e9trangers d\u2019exercer dans plusieurs secteurs d\u2019activit\u00e9s qualifi\u00e9s de \u00ab petits m\u00e9tiers \u00bb. Que vous inspire cette actualit\u00e9 ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour vous r\u00e9pondre, je partirai de l\u2019intention officielle des autorit\u00e9s gabonaises qui est de favoriser l\u2019insertion professionnelle des locaux. Maintenant, sont-ils vraiment si \u00ab petits \u00bb ces nombreux m\u00e9tiers qui occupent les \u00e9trangers au Gabon ? Ce sont des activit\u00e9s marginales, des activit\u00e9s sans lieu fixe, ni services et infrastructures \u00e0 disposition, sans possibilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;obtention de cr\u00e9dits ou de facilit\u00e9s ; mais qui repr\u00e9sentent une partie fortement consid\u00e9rable de l&rsquo;\u00e9conomie de nos pays en Afrique centrale. \u00c0 n\u2019en pas douter, il y a dans l\u2019\u00e9nonciation de la \u00ab petitesse \u00bb des m\u00e9tiers les dimensions r\u00e9elles d\u2019activit\u00e9s non d\u00e9clar\u00e9es ou non reconnues par les instances \u00e9tatiques ou internationales, qui se r\u00e9alisent sans protection sociale ou juridique pour les travailleurs, g\u00e9n\u00e8rent de faibles revenus et s\u2019op\u00e8rent dans la plus grande pr\u00e9carit\u00e9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L\u00e0-dedans, il y a un ensemble de choses qui renvoient \u00e0 des repr\u00e9sentations diffuses de la d\u00e9brouille, de la subsistance, de la pauvret\u00e9, de l\u2019informalit\u00e9 ou m\u00eame de l\u2019ill\u00e9galit\u00e9. Ces petits m\u00e9tiers ne naissent pas seulement comme cons\u00e9quence des exigences de survivance et comme r\u00e9sultat de l&rsquo;inventivit\u00e9 des \u00e9trangers, mais surtout comme expression d&rsquo;une bonne aptitude \u00e0 saisir les besoins de l&rsquo;usage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>En toile de fond, ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 au Gabon renvoie \u00e0 une probl\u00e9matique plus large qui touche de nombreux pays de la Cemac : comment concilier souverainet\u00e9 \u00e9conomique, int\u00e9gration sous r\u00e9gionale et ouverture aux \u00e9trangers dans une sous-r\u00e9gion en qu\u00eate de croissance. Qu\u2019en pensez-vous ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En fait, contrairement \u00e0 une id\u00e9e trop r\u00e9pandue le lib\u00e9ralisme ne s\u2019oppose pas \u00e0 l\u2019intervention. Le lib\u00e9ralisme ne saurait \u00eatre assimil\u00e9 au laissez\u2010faire et \u00e0 la croyance en l\u2019harmonie naturelle des int\u00e9r\u00eats individuels. C\u2019est un d\u00e9bat sur le rapport entre souverainet\u00e9, int\u00e9gration sous r\u00e9gionale et ouverture aux \u00e9trangers. Celui-ci trouve un \u00e9cho dans l\u2019affrontement entre deux conceptions du lib\u00e9ralisme. D\u2019un c\u00f4t\u00e9, toute intervention est prohib\u00e9e au b\u00e9n\u00e9fice d\u2019une g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation des relations concurrentielles de march\u00e9 et\/ou de la mise en place d\u2019une ou de plusieurs autorit\u00e9s ind\u00e9pendantes ayant pour fonction de pallier les imperfections de march\u00e9. De l\u2019autre c\u00f4t\u00e9, le lib\u00e9ralisme est impensable sans une intervention publique qui m\u00eale in\u00e9vitablement r\u00e8gle et choix discr\u00e9tionnaire, et, de quelque mani\u00e8re, \u00e9conomie et politique. Suivant cette seconde conception, il ne suffit pas d\u2019imposer la mise en \u0153uvre de r\u00e8gles d\u2019int\u00e9gration sous r\u00e9gionale pr\u00e9sum\u00e9es optimales pour que l\u2019architecture dessin\u00e9e par les Etats soit indiscut\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Par ailleurs, il faut reconna\u00eetre que la conciliation de la souverainet\u00e9 \u00e9conomique, l\u2019int\u00e9gration sous r\u00e9gionale et l\u2019ouverture aux \u00e9trangers n\u2019a pas d\u2019autre vertu que d\u2019\u00e9clairer les arbitrages, n\u00e9cessairement et justement politiques, entre des objectifs voire entre des int\u00e9r\u00eats oppos\u00e9s ou divergents. Nier que les Etats ont chacun leurs lois en mati\u00e8re d\u2019emplois pour les \u00e9trangers sont, non seulement absurde, mais ne peut que les exacerber et conduire \u00e0 des situations extr\u00eames. Il revient \u00e0 l\u2019Etat souverain le droit d\u2019\u00e9tablir les modes d\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 ces m\u00e9tiers nomm\u00e9s \u00ab petits \u00bb, de concevoir les r\u00e8gles d\u2019arbitrage entre int\u00e9r\u00eats ou objectifs oppos\u00e9s des \u00e9trangers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Vous convenez avec nous qu\u2019aucun mod\u00e8le robuste n\u2019enseigne, sous des hypoth\u00e8ses raisonnables, que r\u00e9duire ou interdire l\u2019acc\u00e8s des \u00e9trangers \u00e0 quelques petits m\u00e9tiers, c\u2019est r\u00e9soudre ipso facto celui du ch\u00f4mage des locaux. Que r\u00e9pondez-vous \u00e0 ceux qui pensent comme nous ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u2019est vrai. Aucun mod\u00e8le robuste n\u2019enseigne que r\u00e9duire le nombre d\u2019\u00e9trangers sur le march\u00e9 du travail dans un pays assure une relance de l\u2019emploi des jeunes. Par contre, il existe un mod\u00e8le robuste qui enseigne que restructurer ou d\u00e9manteler les niches fiscales \u00e9parses g\u00e9n\u00e8re des ressources et permet de promouvoir l\u2019investissement et l\u2019emploi \u00e0 moyen et long terme. En fait, il faut parfois, sinon souvent, appliquer certaines mesures garantir l\u2019investissement courant et l\u2019emploi futur. Des mesures fortes sont parfois in\u00e9vitables, sinon n\u00e9cessaires, surtout dans des \u00e9conomies \u00f4 combien fragiles comme celles de la Cemac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il ne suffit donc pas d\u2019imposer la mise en \u0153uvre de r\u00e8gles ou d\u2019institutions pr\u00e9sum\u00e9es optimales dont l\u2019architecture serait dessin\u00e9e par les \u00e9conomistes. Il faut reconna\u00eetre que l\u2019analyse \u00e9conomique n\u2019a pas d\u2019autre vertu que d\u2019\u00e9clairer les arbitrages, n\u00e9cessairement et justement politiques, entre des objectifs voire entre des int\u00e9r\u00eats oppos\u00e9s ou divergents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Et que faut-il faire dans ce cas, s\u2019agissant particuli\u00e8rement de la Cemac ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Je pense que la mise en \u0153uvre de cadres de r\u00e9glementation migratoire fond\u00e9s sur les besoins du march\u00e9 du travail peut \u00eatre b\u00e9n\u00e9fique aux Etats. Le suivi attentif des indicateurs du march\u00e9 du travail, combin\u00e9 \u00e0 la mise en place de m\u00e9canismes de consultation, en particulier aupr\u00e8s du secteur priv\u00e9, peut constituer un appui suppl\u00e9mentaire aux syst\u00e8mes de gestion des migrations. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tirer le meilleur parti de l\u2019impact de l\u2019immigration sur l\u2019\u00e9conomie. Les pays de destination devraient envisager des interventions politiques visant \u00e0 : favoriser l\u2019employabilit\u00e9 des immigr\u00e9s, par exemple au moyen d\u2019un r\u00e9seau \u00e9largi de services priv\u00e9s d\u2019emploi ou de formation, et de possibilit\u00e9s d\u2019apprentissage tout au long de la vie afin de perfectionner leurs comp\u00e9tences ; encourager leur investissement en levant les obstacles \u00e0 l\u2019investissement et \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019entreprises ; et maximiser la contribution fiscale des immigr\u00e9s en soutenant la croissance du secteur formel ou en \u00e9largissant l\u2019assiette fiscale et les contributions du secteur informel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Propos recueillis par R\u00e9my Biniou<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L\u2019\u00e9conomiste camerounais estime qu\u2019il revient \u00e0 l\u2019Etat souverain le droit d\u2019\u00e9tablir les modes d\u2019acc\u00e8s aux m\u00e9tiers nomm\u00e9s \u00ab petits \u00bb, de concevoir les r\u00e8gles d\u2019arbitrage entre int\u00e9r\u00eats ou objectifs oppos\u00e9s des \u00e9trangers. Le gouvernement gabonais vient d\u2019interdire aux ressortissants \u00e9trangers d\u2019exercer dans plusieurs secteurs d\u2019activit\u00e9s qualifi\u00e9s de \u00ab petits m\u00e9tiers \u00bb. Que vous inspire cette [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":45795,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[25,30,51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-45794","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-integration-regionale","category-main-courante","category-zoom"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Cyrille Maka Njoh:\u00ab C\u2019est un d\u00e9bat sur le rapport entre souverainet\u00e9, int\u00e9gration sous r\u00e9gionale et ouverture aux \u00e9trangers\u00bb - Int\u00e9gration<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/index.php\/2025\/08\/20\/les-nationaux-dabord-cest-un-debat-sur-le-rapport-entre-souverainete-integration-sous-regionale-et-ouverture-aux-etrangers\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cyrille Maka Njoh:\u00ab C\u2019est un d\u00e9bat sur le rapport entre souverainet\u00e9, int\u00e9gration sous r\u00e9gionale et ouverture aux \u00e9trangers\u00bb - Int\u00e9gration\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"L\u2019\u00e9conomiste camerounais estime qu\u2019il revient \u00e0 l\u2019Etat souverain le droit d\u2019\u00e9tablir les modes d\u2019acc\u00e8s aux m\u00e9tiers nomm\u00e9s \u00ab petits \u00bb, de concevoir les r\u00e8gles d\u2019arbitrage entre int\u00e9r\u00eats ou objectifs oppos\u00e9s des \u00e9trangers. 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