{"id":44433,"date":"2025-06-17T11:31:10","date_gmt":"2025-06-17T11:31:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/?p=44433"},"modified":"2025-06-17T11:31:14","modified_gmt":"2025-06-17T11:31:14","slug":"le-sous-developpement-de-lafrique-une-responsabilite-partagee-entre-elites-locales-et-imperialisme-etranger","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/index.php\/2025\/06\/17\/le-sous-developpement-de-lafrique-une-responsabilite-partagee-entre-elites-locales-et-imperialisme-etranger\/","title":{"rendered":"Le sous-d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019Afrique : une responsabilit\u00e9 partag\u00e9e entre \u00e9lites locales et imp\u00e9rialisme \u00e9tranger"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Le sort r\u00e9serv\u00e9 aux dirigeants int\u00e8gres<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"838\" height=\"614\" src=\"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Djereke.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-42917\" srcset=\"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Djereke.jpeg 838w, https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Djereke-300x220.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Djereke-768x563.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Djereke-573x420.jpeg 573w, https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Djereke-80x60.jpeg 80w, https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Djereke-640x469.jpeg 640w, https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Djereke-681x499.jpeg 681w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 838px) 100vw, 838px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><br><\/em>Prenons le cas de Sylvanus Olympio, premier pr\u00e9sident du Togo. Il r\u00eavait d\u2019une autonomie \u00e9conomique r\u00e9elle, d\u2019un Togo affranchi du franc CFA et dot\u00e9 de ses propres institutions financi\u00e8res. Il fut assassin\u00e9 en 1963 dans un coup d\u2019\u00c9tat soutenu par l\u2019arm\u00e9e togolaise form\u00e9e en France. Modibo Keita, au Mali, avait engag\u00e9 son pays dans une voie socialiste et anti-imp\u00e9rialiste. Il fut renvers\u00e9 en 1968 dans un putsch orchestr\u00e9 avec la complicit\u00e9 des milieux pro-fran\u00e7ais. Thomas Sankara, pr\u00e9sident du Burkina Faso de 1983 \u00e0 1987, avait entam\u00e9 une r\u00e9volution populaire exemplaire, ax\u00e9e sur l\u2019autonomie alimentaire, l\u2019\u00e9ducation, la sant\u00e9 et la lib\u00e9ration des femmes. Il fut assassin\u00e9 avec la complicit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime de F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny et de puissances \u00e9trang\u00e8res.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ahmed S\u00e9kou Tour\u00e9 en Guin\u00e9e, Samora Machel au Mozambique, et plus r\u00e9cemment Laurent Gbagbo en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire ont \u00e9galement vu leurs efforts contrecarr\u00e9s par des ing\u00e9rences \u00e9trang\u00e8res. Gbagbo, pourtant \u00e9lu d\u00e9mocratiquement, fut chass\u00e9 du pouvoir en 2011 \u00e0 la suite d\u2019une intervention militaire fran\u00e7aise sous couvert de l\u2019ONU. Son crime ? Avoir refus\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre un sous-pr\u00e9fet de la France et avoir os\u00e9 remettre en question la mainmise de l\u2019ancienne puissance coloniale sur la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Tous ces exemples montrent que l\u2019imp\u00e9rialisme n\u2019est pas un fantasme, mais une r\u00e9alit\u00e9 historique et g\u00e9opolitique qui continue de peser lourdement sur le destin des pays africains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Une lecture id\u00e9ologique favorable \u00e0 l\u2019Occident<br><\/strong>En exon\u00e9rant les puissances imp\u00e9rialistes de toute responsabilit\u00e9, Tidjane Thiam adopte une posture probl\u00e9matique. Il ne s\u2019agit pas ici de nier les erreurs et les fautes graves commises par certains dirigeants africains, mais de refuser une lecture biais\u00e9e qui fait des Africains les seuls coupables de leur malheur. Thiam, en d\u00e9signant exclusivement les \u00e9lites africaines comme responsables, participe \u00e0 un r\u00e9cit occidental bien huil\u00e9: celui qui consiste \u00e0 affirmer que l\u2019Afrique est sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e \u00e0 cause de sa propre incapacit\u00e9, de son absence de vision ou de sa propension \u00e0 la violence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ce r\u00e9cit arrange les anciennes puissances coloniales car il efface leur r\u00f4le dans le pillage organis\u00e9 des ressources africaines, dans le sabotage des exp\u00e9riences de d\u00e9veloppement autonome, et dans le soutien \u00e0 des r\u00e9gimes fantoches. Or, si la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 est complexe, elle oblige \u00e0 une lecture dialectique du sous-d\u00e9veloppement africain: d\u2019un c\u00f4t\u00e9, des dirigeants locaux complices et corrompus ; de l\u2019autre, un syst\u00e8me international fond\u00e9 sur la pr\u00e9dation, l\u2019endettement, la manipulation politique et le contr\u00f4le mon\u00e9taire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans mon ouvrage \u00ab\u00a0L\u2019Afrique refuse-t-elle vraiment le d\u00e9veloppement ?\u00a0\u00bb (Paris, L\u2019Harmattan, 2007), je d\u00e9fends une th\u00e8se contraire \u00e0 celle de Tidjane Thiam. Pour moi, les causes du \u00ab\u00a0sous-d\u00e9veloppement\u00a0\u00bb africain sont davantage ext\u00e9rieures qu\u2019int\u00e9rieures. Je montre comment les rapports in\u00e9gaux, les conditionnalit\u00e9s impos\u00e9es par les institutions de Bretton Woods, la domination mon\u00e9taire et les interventions militaires voilent la possibilit\u00e9 m\u00eame d\u2019un d\u00e9veloppement authentiquement africain. \u00c0 mes yeux, le continent est emp\u00each\u00e9 de se d\u00e9velopper non pas parce qu\u2019il le refuse, mais parce qu\u2019il est enferm\u00e9 dans un syst\u00e8me mondial fondamentalement injuste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Vers quelle Afrique Tidjane Thiam veut-il conduire la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire ?<br><\/strong>Il est l\u00e9gitime de se demander si une telle posture id\u00e9ologique ne r\u00e9v\u00e8le pas l\u2019orientation future de Tidjane Thiam s\u2019il acc\u00e9dait au pouvoir. Servira-t-il les int\u00e9r\u00eats des Ivoiriens ou ceux des cercles financiers et politiques qui lui ont permis de b\u00e2tir sa carri\u00e8re internationale ? Son discours semble s\u2019inscrire dans la logique n\u00e9olib\u00e9rale dominante : responsabiliser exclusivement les pays africains pour justifier des politiques d\u2019aust\u00e9rit\u00e9, d\u2019ouverture incontr\u00f4l\u00e9e des march\u00e9s et de d\u00e9pendance vis-\u00e0-vis des investisseurs \u00e9trangers. Or, une v\u00e9ritable politique de d\u00e9veloppement pour l\u2019Afrique suppose de briser les cha\u00eenes du n\u00e9ocolonialisme, de remettre en question les accords l\u00e9onins, de r\u00e9former en profondeur le syst\u00e8me \u00e9ducatif, sanitaire et \u00e9conomique \u2013 autant de chantiers qui exigent une volont\u00e9 politique affranchie des injonctions ext\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thiam, en niant le r\u00f4le de l\u2019imp\u00e9rialisme, se place-t-il dans une position de candidat rassurant pour l\u2019Occident et les multinationales ? Sa posture inqui\u00e8te, car elle pourrait signifier un retour \u00e0 une forme de gouvernance \u201cpropre\u201d mais docile, technocratique mais inf\u00e9od\u00e9e, moderniste en apparence mais sans ambition de rupture structurelle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le sous-d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019Afrique ne peut \u00eatre expliqu\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re univoque. Il r\u00e9sulte d\u2019un entrelacs de facteurs internes et externes, d\u2019erreurs nationales et de manipulations internationales. R\u00e9duire la responsabilit\u00e9 \u00e0 un seul camp, c\u2019est refuser de voir les structures d\u2019oppression qui persistent depuis la colonisation. C\u2019est aussi d\u00e9sarmer les peuples africains dans leur qu\u00eate de souverainet\u00e9 v\u00e9ritable. L\u2019Afrique a besoin de dirigeants lucides, patriotes, capables de reconna\u00eetre leurs fautes tout en pointant du doigt les m\u00e9canismes ext\u00e9rieurs qui brident le continent. Thiam, en niant la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 imp\u00e9rialiste, risque non seulement de d\u00e9cevoir les attentes populaires, mais aussi de perp\u00e9tuer les cha\u00eenes invisibles du sous-d\u00e9veloppement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Jean-Claude Dj\u00e9r\u00e9k\u00e9<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le sort r\u00e9serv\u00e9 aux dirigeants int\u00e8gres Prenons le cas de Sylvanus Olympio, premier pr\u00e9sident du Togo. Il r\u00eavait d\u2019une autonomie \u00e9conomique r\u00e9elle, d\u2019un Togo affranchi du franc CFA et dot\u00e9 de ses propres institutions financi\u00e8res. Il fut assassin\u00e9 en 1963 dans un coup d\u2019\u00c9tat soutenu par l\u2019arm\u00e9e togolaise form\u00e9e en France. Modibo Keita, au Mali, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":42917,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[53,11,24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-44433","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ambassades","category-editorial","category-integration-nationale"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Le sous-d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019Afrique : une responsabilit\u00e9 partag\u00e9e entre \u00e9lites locales et imp\u00e9rialisme \u00e9tranger - Int\u00e9gration<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/index.php\/2025\/06\/17\/le-sous-developpement-de-lafrique-une-responsabilite-partagee-entre-elites-locales-et-imperialisme-etranger\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Le sous-d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019Afrique : une responsabilit\u00e9 partag\u00e9e entre \u00e9lites locales et imp\u00e9rialisme \u00e9tranger - Int\u00e9gration\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Le sort r\u00e9serv\u00e9 aux dirigeants int\u00e8gres Prenons le cas de Sylvanus Olympio, premier pr\u00e9sident du Togo. Il r\u00eavait d\u2019une autonomie \u00e9conomique r\u00e9elle, d\u2019un Togo affranchi du franc CFA et dot\u00e9 de ses propres institutions financi\u00e8res. Il fut assassin\u00e9 en 1963 dans un coup d\u2019\u00c9tat soutenu par l\u2019arm\u00e9e togolaise form\u00e9e en France. 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