{"id":44141,"date":"2025-06-02T13:52:19","date_gmt":"2025-06-02T13:52:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/?p=44141"},"modified":"2025-06-02T14:01:46","modified_gmt":"2025-06-02T14:01:46","slug":"rdc-brume-et-metal-la-ruee-vers-le-coltan-a-rubaya-reportage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/index.php\/2025\/06\/02\/rdc-brume-et-metal-la-ruee-vers-le-coltan-a-rubaya-reportage\/","title":{"rendered":"RDC: Brume et m\u00e9tal la ru\u00e9e vers le coltan \u00e0 Rubaya (REPORTAGE)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Dans les hauteurs envelopp\u00e9es de brume du territoire de Masisi, une guerre silencieuse se livre, pas uniquement pour des terres, mais aussi pour un minerai strat\u00e9gique qui alimente l’\u00e9conomie num\u00e9rique mondiale. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

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Rubaya, village isol\u00e9 dans l’est de la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo (RDC), se retrouve une fois de plus au centre d’un conflit arm\u00e9 enracin\u00e9 dans les entrailles d’un sous-sol convoit\u00e9. Depuis avril 2024, les rebelles du Mouvement du 23 mars (M23) contr\u00f4lent les pr\u00e9cieuses mines de coltan de Rubaya. Ce minerai, contraction de colombite-tantalite, est la source principale du tantale, m\u00e9tal rare indispensable \u00e0 la fabrication des smartphones, des avions de chasse, des implants m\u00e9dicaux et d’autres appareils \u00e9lectroniques de pointe. Selon les Nations Unies, Rubaya fournirait \u00e0 elle seule environ 15% de l’approvisionnement mondial. UNE MINE SOUS CONTROLE DU M23 Accroch\u00e9e aux flancs escarp\u00e9s des collines fractur\u00e9es du Masisi, la mine de Rubaya se d\u00e9ploie comme un escalier creus\u00e9 dans la poussi\u00e8re. A plus de 2.000 m\u00e8tres d’altitude, ce n’est pas seulement une \u00e9conomie verticale, c’est une \u00e9preuve d’endurance. Lors d’une mission de terrain arrach\u00e9e apr\u00e8s plusieurs semaines d’entretiens avec le M23, les journalistes de Xinhua ont d\u00fb s’appuyer sur des b\u00e2tons taill\u00e9s \u00e0 la h\u00e2te, avan\u00e7ant pas \u00e0 pas derri\u00e8re des guides locaux sur des sentiers friables. L’air s’amenuise \u00e0 chaque m\u00e8tre gagn\u00e9, les pieds s’enfoncent dans les \u00e9boulis. Mais les mineurs congolais, eux, dansent presque sur les pentes, aussi souples et s\u00fbrs que des antilopes des montagnes, forg\u00e9s par les ann\u00e9es dans cette rudesse devenue routine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sous la surface, de minces puits verticaux s’enfoncent dans une obscurit\u00e9 \u00e9touffante. Chaque jour, des \u00e9quipes de 60 \u00e0 70 hommes descendent dans ces boyaux resserr\u00e9s, arm\u00e9s de lampes frontales et de quelques outils rudimentaires. A coups de pioche, le minerai est arrach\u00e9 \u00e0 la roche, puis hiss\u00e9 vers la lumi\u00e8re par un syst\u00e8me de relais improvis\u00e9. Plus la descente s’approfondit, plus l’air se fait dense, vici\u00e9. A l’entr\u00e9e de chaque puits, des pompes \u00e0 oxyg\u00e8ne grondent sans rel\u00e2che, cordons ombilicaux fragiles entre la vie et l’asphyxie. Au sommet, c’est un autre monde. Un march\u00e9 de fortune s’anime dans le vacarme: sachets d’eau, beignets chauds, lampes torches et bottes s’\u00e9changent \u00e0 la vol\u00e9e. Des femmes portent des caisses sur leurs t\u00eates, des enfants tra\u00eenent des sacs pleins de gravats. La montagne enti\u00e8re vibre sous la foule, fourmili\u00e8re humaine anim\u00e9e par un instinct vital. Tout autour, des combattants du M23 veillent, post\u00e9s dans des abris de fortune ou patrouillant les sentiers. Ils inspectent, notent, r\u00e9gulent. Un responsable rebelle affirme que quelque 10.000 mineurs sont \u00ab\u00a0enregistr\u00e9s\u00a0\u00bb. En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, leur nombre pourrait \u00eatre bien sup\u00e9rieur. \u00ab\u00a0Les bons jours, on extrait jusqu’\u00e0 70 kg\u00a0\u00bb, explique un contrema\u00eetre d’un champ de mines. \u00ab\u00a0C’est toujours un pari, mais ici, l’exp\u00e9rience paie.\u00a0\u00bb Malgr\u00e9 les d\u00e9clarations du M23 interdisant l’acc\u00e8s aux femmes enceintes et aux mineurs, des adolescentes et de jeunes gar\u00e7ons sont visibles dans la zone. \u00ab\u00a0Les armes sont interdites dans la mine. C’est une preuve de l’am\u00e9lioration\u00a0\u00bb, assure un officier rebelle. Un creuseur local, sous couvert d’anonymat, a affirm\u00e9 qu’\u00e0 Rubaya, presque chaque enfant passe la moiti\u00e9 de sa vie dans la mine. \u00ab\u00a0Ici, les minerais ne sont m\u00eame pas enfouis profond\u00e9ment comme ailleurs\u00a0\u00bb, a-t-il confi\u00e9. Sur le march\u00e9 local, chaque sac lui rapporte au minimum 47 dollars, prix encore modique pour un fardeau arrach\u00e9 \u00e0 l’enfance. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

DES CHAINES D’APPROVISIONNEMENT \u00ab\u00a0CONTAMINEES\u00a0\u00bb Avec l’arriv\u00e9e du M23, Rubaya est devenu, selon l’ONU, l’\u00e9picentre de la plus grande contamination des cha\u00eenes d’approvisionnement min\u00e9rales dans la r\u00e9gion des Grands Lacs depuis dix ans. Paradoxalement, les salaires ont augment\u00e9. Les mineurs artisanaux, qui gagnaient moins de trois dollars par jour sous l’autorit\u00e9 de l’Etat, voient leur revenu doubler, ce qui fait partie de ce que les observateurs voient comme une double strat\u00e9gie d’incitation et de coercition. \u00ab\u00a0On est pay\u00e9 selon ce qu’on extrait. C’est dur, mais mieux pay\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb, a confi\u00e9 un mineur sur place. \u00ab\u00a0Honn\u00eatement, on est mieux pay\u00e9 depuis qu\u00a0\u00bbils (M23) ont pris le contr\u00f4le\u00a0\u00bb, selon le mineur ayant requis l’anonymat. D’apr\u00e8s les rapports du Groupe d’experts de l’ONU publi\u00e9s en 2024, le M23 a mis en place de facto un \u00ab\u00a0minist\u00e8re charg\u00e9 de l’exploitation des min\u00e9raux\u00a0\u00bb, contr\u00f4lant la production, r\u00e9servant les ventes \u00e0 des acheteurs agr\u00e9\u00e9s et monopolisant les voies d’exportation vers le march\u00e9 mondial, en transit par des pays voisins. Les rebelles imposent aussi des taxes : sept dollars par kilo de coltan, quatre dollars par kilo d’\u00e9tain. Cela repr\u00e9senterait, selon l’ONU, plus de 800.000 dollars de revenus mensuels pour environ 120 tonnes export\u00e9es depuis Rubaya. \u00ab\u00a0Le chiffre r\u00e9el est bien plus \u00e9lev\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb, a estim\u00e9 un villageois local, qui a gard\u00e9 l’anonymat. Les rapports des Nations Unies ont not\u00e9 qu’en plus de l’extorsion financi\u00e8re, les civils locaux sont soumis \u00e0 des travaux forc\u00e9s, et beaucoup d’entre eux sont contraints de construire des routes et de transporter du minerai sous la contrainte. Les communaut\u00e9s locales ont \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 forc\u00e9es \u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0salongo\u00a0\u00bb, un terme autrefois utilis\u00e9 pour d\u00e9crire le travail communautaire volontaire, mais maintenant r\u00e9utilis\u00e9 pour signifier le travail obligatoire et non r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9, pour la r\u00e9paration et l’entretien des routes essentielles au transport du minerai. Lors d’un briefing au Conseil de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des Nations Unies en 2024, Bintou Keita, repr\u00e9sentante sp\u00e9ciale du Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des Nations Unies pour la RDC, a alert\u00e9 : \u00ab\u00a0Les revenus tir\u00e9s du coltan permettent au M23 de maintenir sa machine militaire, d’exploiter les civils et de torpiller les efforts de paix\u00a0\u00bb. Elle a d\u00e9nonc\u00e9 l’\u00e9tablissement d’une \u00ab\u00a0administration parall\u00e8le\u00a0\u00bb par les rebelles : des gouverneurs, des fonctionnaires miniers, une structure de gestion mimant un Etat. \u00ab\u00a0Cela affaiblit l’autorit\u00e9 centrale et \u00e9rode la souverainet\u00e9 nationale dans l’est du pays\u00a0\u00bb, a-t-elle averti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

RUBAYA (RDC), 26 mai (Xinhua)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dans les hauteurs envelopp\u00e9es de brume du territoire de Masisi, une guerre silencieuse se livre, pas uniquement pour des terres, mais aussi pour un minerai strat\u00e9gique qui alimente l’\u00e9conomie num\u00e9rique mondiale. Rubaya, village isol\u00e9 dans l’est de la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo (RDC), se retrouve une fois de plus au centre d’un conflit arm\u00e9 enracin\u00e9 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":44142,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[25,30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-44141","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-integration-regionale","category-main-courante"],"yoast_head":"\nRDC: Brume et m\u00e9tal la ru\u00e9e vers le coltan \u00e0 Rubaya (REPORTAGE) - Int\u00e9gration<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/index.php\/2025\/06\/02\/rdc-brume-et-metal-la-ruee-vers-le-coltan-a-rubaya-reportage\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"RDC: Brume et m\u00e9tal la ru\u00e9e vers le coltan \u00e0 Rubaya (REPORTAGE) - Int\u00e9gration\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dans les hauteurs envelopp\u00e9es de brume du territoire de Masisi, une guerre silencieuse se livre, pas uniquement pour des terres, mais aussi pour un minerai strat\u00e9gique qui alimente l’\u00e9conomie num\u00e9rique mondiale. 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