{"id":44125,"date":"2025-06-02T11:06:12","date_gmt":"2025-06-02T11:06:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/?p=44125"},"modified":"2025-06-02T11:06:23","modified_gmt":"2025-06-02T11:06:23","slug":"valentin-yves-mudimbe-entre-religion-et-revolution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/journalintegration.com\/index.php\/2025\/06\/02\/valentin-yves-mudimbe-entre-religion-et-revolution\/","title":{"rendered":"Valentin-Yves Mudimbe entre Religion et R\u00e9volution"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 le 22 avril 2025 en Caroline du Nord (\u00c9tats-Unis), Valentin Mudimbe est l\u2019un des penseurs majeurs de la postcolonialit\u00e9 africaine.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le philosophe et romancier congolais enseigna \u00e0 l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Lubumbashi pendant dix ans avant de quitter le Za\u00efre de Mobutu en 1979. Son \u0153uvre litt\u00e9raire et th\u00e9orique d\u00e9construit les formes de domination impos\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019Afrique, notamment par le savoir occidental et les institutions religieuses. Dans son roman \u201cEntre les eaux\u201d (Paris, Pr\u00e9sence Africaine, 1973), il incarne ces tensions \u00e0 travers le personnage de Landu, un ancien pr\u00eatre africain pris dans un dilemme existentiel et politique. \u00c0 travers ce r\u00e9cit, Mudimbe explore la violence symbolique de l\u2019\u00e9vang\u00e9lisation, la crise de l\u2019identit\u00e9 africaine, et la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019une r\u00e9volution \u00e9mancipatrice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Landu, un personnage d\u00e9chir\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Landu est une figure embl\u00e9matique du tiraillement identitaire v\u00e9cu par de nombreux intellectuels africains postcoloniaux. Il revient au pays apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es de formation religieuse et th\u00e9ologique, avec un double bagage: celui de la foi chr\u00e9tienne et celui du questionnement politique. En lui se confrontent deux forces: d\u2019une part, l\u2019h\u00e9ritage des missionnaires et leur id\u00e9al de paix, d\u2019amour et de soumission \u00e0 Dieu; d\u2019autre part, la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 politique d\u2019un pays exploit\u00e9, o\u00f9 la pauvret\u00e9 et la r\u00e9pression appellent \u00e0 une transformation radicale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Landu n\u2019est pas un h\u00e9ros au sens traditionnel du terme. Il est plut\u00f4t un personnage tragique, travers\u00e9 par les contradictions du monde postcolonial. Son retour au village n\u2019est pas un retour \u00e0 la paix, mais une plong\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9sarroi. Le titre du roman symbolise cette position de flottement, cette absence de sol ferme. Landu est un homme \u00ab\u00a0entre\u00a0\u00bb, entre deux syst\u00e8mes de pens\u00e9e, entre deux visions du monde, entre la foi et le doute, entre le silence et la r\u00e9volte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019ali\u00e9nation religieuse et la colonisation de l\u2019\u00e2me<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au c\u0153ur de l\u2019\u0153uvre de Mudimbe se trouve une critique f\u00e9roce de l\u2019\u00c9glise comme instrument de l\u2019ali\u00e9nation. Le christianisme, tel qu\u2019il a \u00e9t\u00e9 introduit en Afrique par les missionnaires, n\u2019est pas simplement une religion; il est un vecteur d\u2019occidentalisation, un outil d\u2019assimilation culturelle. La foi chr\u00e9tienne a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e comme universelle, mais, dans les faits, elle a servi \u00e0 d\u00e9l\u00e9gitimer les croyances africaines, \u00e0 nier les cosmologies locales, \u00e0 imposer des normes \u00e9trang\u00e8res.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Landu est le produit de cette violence douce. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 form\u00e9 \u00e0 Rome, \u00e9loign\u00e9 de ses racines, nourri par une th\u00e9ologie qui ne parle pas de son peuple, ni de ses souffrances. Dans son esprit, Dieu est un Dieu europ\u00e9en, un Dieu de l\u2019ordre et de la transcendance, non pas un Dieu de lib\u00e9ration. En cela, Mudimbe rejoint les critiques de la th\u00e9ologie de la mission qui soutiennent que, en pr\u00eachant l\u2019humilit\u00e9 et la r\u00e9signation, l\u2019\u00c9glise a servi de relais id\u00e9ologique au pouvoir colonial, a fabriqu\u00e9 des Africains soumis tout en restant domin\u00e9s mat\u00e9riellement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mudimbe ne rejette pas n\u00e9cessairement la foi, mais il d\u00e9nonce sa falsification coloniale. L\u2019ali\u00e9nation religieuse, dans ce contexte, est la colonisation de l\u2019\u00e2me : on apprend \u00e0 prier un Dieu qui ne lib\u00e8re pas, \u00e0 aimer un monde qui nous opprime, \u00e0 se ha\u00efr soi-m\u00eame au nom d\u2019un salut \u00e9tranger. Cette ali\u00e9nation est d\u2019autant plus perverse qu\u2019elle se pr\u00e9tend \u00ab\u00a0spirituelle\u00a0\u00bb, alors qu\u2019elle est profond\u00e9ment politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Missionnaires et domination : l\u2019\u00c9glise complice<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans \u201cEntre les eaux\u201d, les missionnaires ne sont pas simplement des figures pieuses ; ils sont aussi les agents d\u2019une structure de pouvoir. Mudimbe montre comment l\u2019\u00c9glise, loin d\u2019\u00eatre neutre, est int\u00e9gr\u00e9e dans le dispositif colonial, comment elle soutient les autorit\u00e9s, condamne les mouvements r\u00e9volutionnaires, diabolise les traditions locales, joue ainsi un r\u00f4le actif dans l\u2019exploitation et l\u2019oppression des peuples africains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La figure du missionnaire est ambivalente. Il peut \u00eatre sinc\u00e8re dans sa foi, mais il est aveugle \u00e0 sa participation \u00e0 un syst\u00e8me de domination. Son langage est celui de la paix, mais son action est celle du contr\u00f4le. Il construit des \u00e9coles, mais pour enseigner l\u2019histoire de l\u2019Europe. Il construit des h\u00f4pitaux, mais pour mieux faire accepter la soumission. Il pr\u00eache l\u2019amour du prochain, mais ignore les violences structurelles impos\u00e9es aux populations africaines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019\u00c9glise, dans la logique de Mudimbe, est donc complice de l\u2019Occident pr\u00e9dateur. Elle a jou\u00e9 le r\u00f4le de m\u00e9diatrice entre les colons et les colonis\u00e9s, tout en apparaissant comme une force morale. De ce point de vue, elle a rendu la domination acceptable, naturelle, voire d\u00e9sirable. Loin d\u2019\u00eatre un refuge pour les opprim\u00e9s, elle est devenue un masque de la colonisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La r\u00e9volution comme \u00e9mancipation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Face \u00e0 cette situation, Mudimbe \u00e9voque la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019un changement radical. Landu est confront\u00e9 \u00e0 la tentation de la r\u00e9volution. Des groupes politiques \u00e9mergent, pr\u00f4nant la lutte arm\u00e9e, l\u2019autonomie \u00e9conomique, la reconqu\u00eate de la dignit\u00e9. Ces mouvements ne sont pas id\u00e9alis\u00e9s dans le roman, mais ils incarnent une voie alternative, celle de la prise de conscience et de l\u2019action collective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La r\u00e9volution, pour Mudimbe, n\u2019est pas qu\u2019un changement de r\u00e9gime ; elle est d\u2019abord un renversement symbolique. Il s\u2019agit de rompre avec les formes d\u2019ali\u00e9nation, de d\u00e9soccidentaliser l\u2019esprit africain, de produire un nouveau langage, une nouvelle subjectivit\u00e9. La lib\u00e9ration est \u00e0 la fois politique, culturelle et \u00e9pist\u00e9mologique. C\u2019est une relecture du monde depuis l\u2019Afrique, et non plus depuis l\u2019Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Landu, en tant qu\u2019ancien pr\u00eatre, est plac\u00e9 devant une d\u00e9cision cruciale : trahir ses anciens ma\u00eetres pour rejoindre la lutte, ou rester fid\u00e8le \u00e0 une \u00c9glise qu\u2019il sait compromise. Ce dilemme illustre la tension entre l\u2019h\u00e9ritage spirituel et la responsabilit\u00e9 historique. Mudimbe ne donne pas de r\u00e9ponse claire ; il expose le conflit int\u00e9rieur de son personnage, laissant au lecteur le soin de mesurer la complexit\u00e9 de la situation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion : l\u2019h\u00e9ritage critique de Mudimbe<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 travers \u201cEntre les eaux\u201d, Valentin-Yves Mudimbe propose une lecture puissante des effets de la colonisation religieuse sur l\u2019identit\u00e9 africaine. Landu est un personnage miroir dans lequel peuvent se reconna\u00eetre de nombreux Africains form\u00e9s dans les institutions occidentales mais d\u00e9chir\u00e9s par la conscience de l\u2019ali\u00e9nation. Le roman met en lumi\u00e8re les ambigu\u00eft\u00e9s de la mission chr\u00e9tienne, les complicit\u00e9s de l\u2019\u00c9glise avec le syst\u00e8me colonial, et la difficult\u00e9 de penser une v\u00e9ritable lib\u00e9ration. Mais l\u2019\u0153uvre de Mudimbe va au-del\u00e0 de la d\u00e9nonciation. Elle appelle \u00e0 une r\u00e9volution des consciences, \u00e0 une relecture critique de l\u2019Histoire, et \u00e0 la construction d\u2019un savoir d\u00e9colonis\u00e9. En cela, \u201cEntre les eaux\u201d n\u2019est pas seulement un roman ; c\u2019est un manifeste de la pens\u00e9e africaine contemporaine, lucide, exigeante, et profond\u00e9ment engag\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jean-Claude Djereke<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

D\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 le 22 avril 2025 en Caroline du Nord (\u00c9tats-Unis), Valentin Mudimbe est l\u2019un des penseurs majeurs de la postcolonialit\u00e9 africaine. Le philosophe et romancier congolais enseigna \u00e0 l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Lubumbashi pendant dix ans avant de quitter le Za\u00efre de Mobutu en 1979. Son \u0153uvre litt\u00e9raire et th\u00e9orique d\u00e9construit les formes de domination impos\u00e9es \u00e0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":44126,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[53,11,24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-44125","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ambassades","category-editorial","category-integration-nationale"],"yoast_head":"\nValentin-Yves Mudimbe entre Religion et R\u00e9volution - Int\u00e9gration<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Valentin-Yves Mudimbe entre Religion et R\u00e9volution\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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